快速学习和掌握任何新事物的七个步骤
I hate learning.
我讨厌学习。
I wanted to learn how to trade stocks and I ended up losing my home. Iwanted to learn how to play chess better and in one of my firsttournaments I threw all the pieces on the floor and cried.
我想学习如何交易股票，结果我失去了我的房子。我想学习如何更好地下棋，但在我最初参加的一场比赛中，我把所有棋子都扔到地上哭了。
I wanted to learn to play poker and I lost about $20,000 the first tentimes I played.
我想学打扑克，打了十次就输了两万美元。
I wanted to learn how to start a business. I wanted to learn more aboutinvesting. I wanted to learn computer programming, how to make a TV show, how to write a book, how to speak to a large audience, how todo standup comedy.
我想学习如何创业。我想学习更多关于投资的知识。我想学习计算机编程，如何制作电视节目，如何写一本书，如何对一大群观众讲话，如何做单口喜剧。
Heck,when I was a kid I wanted to learn how to breakdance. I wanted tolearn how to kiss a girl. I wanted and wanted.
见鬼，我小的时候就想学霹雳舞。我想学习如何吻一个女孩。我想了又想。
Everytime I ended up crying. Over and over.
每次的结果都不尽人意。重复一遍又一遍。
This is what I learned about learning.
这就是我从实践中学到的。
A) HACK THE 10,000 HOUR RULE
A) 打破1万小时法则
This rule, developed by Anders Ericsson and popularized by MalcolmGladwell, damaging me for years thinking I needed 10,000 hours to succeed at anything, states that you need 10,000 hours of “deliberate practice” to reach master-level potential.
这条由安德斯·埃里克森(AndersEricsson)提出、马尔科姆·格拉德威尔(MalcolmGladwell)推广的法则，多年来一直在误导着我，让我认为我需要1万小时才能在某件事情上取得成功。
For instance, as Gladwell writes in “Outliers” (but Ericsson disputesin his book “Peak”), The Beatles got their 10,000 hours playing 20 hours a day in strip clubs in Germany before they wrote theirfirst album.
例如，正如格拉德威尔在《局外人》(Outliers)一书中所写的那样(埃里克森在其著作《巅峰》(Peak)中提出了异议)，甲壳虫乐队在创作首张专辑之前，曾在德国的脱衣舞俱乐部每天演出1万小时，每天20小时。
Mozartplayed piano for 10,000 hours by the time he was 12 years old.
莫扎特12岁的时候已经弹钢琴1万小时了。
Story after story.
许多许多的列子。
So I felt frustrated. I feel frustrated.
所以我感到沮丧。我感到挫败。
I’m almost 50. I only like to learn something if I can be among the best.If I can reach my potential. Potential enough to see the nuances in something I love so much I want to get good at it.
我快50岁了。我只喜欢学习一些我能做好的事情。如果我可以发挥我的潜力。有足够的潜力去发现我非常喜欢的东西的妙处，我就想做好它。
But I’ll be dead after another 10,000 hours of learning.
但是再学1万个小时我感觉我可能会挂掉。
But now I’m convinced the 10,000 hours can be skipped.
但现在我确信这10,000小时并非必须。
Here’s how.
下面教你怎么做。
B) PLUS, MINUS, EQUAL
B) 加法，减法，等法
PLUS
加法
Find mentors.
找到导师。
A mentor can be real (someone who is willing to help you analyze your mistakes), or virtual (read books).
导师可以是真实存在的(愿意帮助你分析错误的人)，也可以是虚拟的(读书)。
Both real and virtual are good.
真实和虚拟都是好的。
For anything you are interested in, you should read 100 books a year. You should watch 100s of videos.
对于任何你感兴趣的东西，你应该一年读100本书。你应该看上百个关于这个的视频。
We have mirror neurons that learn by watching or reading our virtual mentors. It’s as if we download their lives into our brain and the mirror neurons think that their experience are ours.
我们有镜像神经元，通过观看或阅读我们的虚拟导师来学习。就好像我们把他们的生活下载到我们的大脑中，镜像神经元认为他们的经历是我们的。
For instance, when I wanted to learn how to be a better public speaker, I would watch videos of great public speakers right before I had to speak.
例如，当我想要学习如何成为一个更好的公众演讲者时，我会在演讲之前看一些有名的公众演讲者的视频。
When I played in chess tournaments I would play through the games of world champions so I could learn more how they thought about the game.
当我参加国际象棋比赛时，我会参加世界冠军们的比赛，这样我就能更多地了解他们对比赛的看法。
And every time I lost a game I went over the game, move by move, with a grandmaster who I paid to coach me. He would set up similar positionsto my losing position and we’d play game after game until I mastered the nuances.
每次我输掉一场比赛，我就和我花钱请来的特级教练一步一步地回顾比赛。他会复盘当时我输的地方类似的位置，我们会一场接一场的比赛，直到我掌握了其中的细微差别。
When I wanted to learn about investing I read every investment book Icould find and spoke with 100s of other great investors.
当我想学习投资的时候，我会阅读我能找到的每一本投资书籍，并和其他100多名优秀的投资者交谈。
When you read, to maximize what you learn: immediately after reading abook write down “ten things I learned”. Else, you won’t remember more than 1 or 2 things at best from the book.
当你阅读时，要最大化地学习:读完一本书后立即写下“我学到了十件事”。否则，你最多只能记住一到两件事。
I’m trying to learn Standup Comedy now. I capitalize it because it’s that important to me. It’s the hardest skill I’ve ever had to learn.
我正在学习单口喜剧。我学习它是因为它对我很重要。这也是我学过的最难的技能。
I’m in year two. I probably watch 20 videos a day. I videotape myself onstage 4–6 times a week. And I read books about and by comedians.And, fortunately, I have a podcast. So I ask great comedians to come on and I can ask them any question I want.
我在二年级时。我可能一天看20个视频。每周在舞台上拍4-6次。我还读过一些关于喜剧演员的书。幸运的是，我有一个播客。所以我请著名的喜剧演员来，我可以询问他们任何我想问的问题。
EQUALS
等法
This is so important it really deserves its own letter. This one category alone, “Equals”, is worth about 4,000 of the 10,000 hours.
这是很重要的一点所以真的值得拥有它自己的名字。仅这一类，“等法”，就能抵得上10000小时中的4000个小时(40%!)。
Find people who love what you love and spend as much time talking about this shared area as you can.
找到那些志趣相投的人，花尽可能多的时间谈论这个共同的领域。
If you are all equally striving and finding your own path through learning this new skill you all want to share, then you will build community and learn together.
如果你们希望得到这个学习的技巧且愿意彼此分享，那你们就应该建立起学习小组一起学习。获得这个技巧，你们就找到了学习之道。
( Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S Burroughs, all rose up as writers together by comparing notes, editing each other’s works, encouraging each other, for over 20 years as they rose up inthe industry together).
(杰克·凯鲁亚克，艾伦·金斯伯格，威廉·S·巴勒斯，都是在20多年的写作生涯中共同成长起来的作家，他们互相交流心得，互相修订作品，互相鼓励。)
When I was learning poker, my friends and I would compare notes on every difficult hand we played during an evening.
当我在学习扑克的时候，我和我的朋友们会整完就每一个难题交换意见。
When I was learning investing, I’d talk to friends in every area of investing (day trading, arbitrage, value investing, specialsituations, quantitative, etc etc) and we’d share notes and quickly learn through the experiences of each other.
在学习投资的过程中，我会和各个投资领域的朋友交流(日常交易、套利、价值投资、特殊情况、量化等等)，分享心得，通过彼此的经验快速学习。
Why not do this with mentors? Because the mentors have so far passed this level they are not always able to get into the weeds in the same way as the Equals.
为什么不是跟导师一起做呢?因为导师已经通过了这一阶段，他们通常不能以同等的方式来帮助你解决问题。
MINUS
减法
Explain what you are learning while you are learning it. Two reasons:
当你学习的时候，解释你在学习什么。两个原因:
1) If you can’t explain in a simple way, then you need to learn more.Beginner’s mind.
如果你不能用简单的方式解释，那么你需要更多的学习。初心。
2) People who are behind where you are at in learning the skill will askbasic questions that you often need to rehearse and rehearse and rehearse. Again: beginner’s mind.
学习技能落后于你的人会问你一些基本的问题，这些问题你经常需要反复练习。重要的事说两遍：初心。
C) MICRO-SKILLS
C) 微技能
Every skill worth learning has dozens of micro-skills:
每一项值得学习的技能都有许多微技能:
For instance, when I started my first successful business I had some natural skills at sales and technology (it was a technology business)but I had to learn so many micro-skills in order to succeed that it felt like I was going to die and fail almost every single day.
例如，当我开始我的第一个成功的企业，我在销售和技术方面有一些自然的技能(这是一个技术业务)，但我为了成功必须学习很多的微技能，这些训练让我感觉每天都学到屁滚尿流。
Here are some business micro-skills:
以下是一些商业微技能:
Sales,Management of employees, Negotiating, Selling to investors, Sellingto acquirers, Product development, Product consistency and execution,Motivation, Emotional stability, and on and on.
销售，员工管理，谈判，卖给投资者，卖给收购者，产品开发，产品一致性和执行力，动机，情绪稳定，等等。
All of the skills are exclusive of each other. Negotiating is not the same as Sales. Product development is not the same as management. Buteach skill needs to be developed to be successful.
所有的技能都是相互排斥的。谈判和销售不一样。产品开发不同于管理。但是每一项技能都需要学习发展才能成功。
Chessmicro-skills: openings, middle game, end game, tactics, positional play (which can be divided up into about 50 micro-skills, as well asall the different types of endgames), attack, defense, psychology,etc.
象棋微技能:开局、中局、末局、战术、位置游戏(可分为约50个微技能，以及所有不同类型的末局)、攻击、防守、心理等。
(White to move and win. Checkmate in two moves).
(白棋移动并获胜。两招将死)。
Standup micro-skills (I think. I hope): likability, commitment, crowd work(20–50 different types of crowds, mic work, pacing, stage control,and finally humor, which includes: punchlines, premises, tags, callbacks, story telling, persona, act-outs, etc etc.
单口相声的微技巧(我想，我希望):可爱度，承诺，群众工作(20-50种不同类型的群众，麦克风工作，节奏，舞台控制，最后是幽默，包括:笑点，前提，标签，回话，讲故事，人物，表演，等等。
For whatever you are interested in: list the micro-skills. Figure out what you are good at, what you are bad at, and how you can learn to be better at each.
不管你感兴趣的是什么:列出你的小技能。找出你擅长什么，你不擅长什么，以及你怎样才能在这两方面都做得更好。
D) FAILURE
D) 失败
Anything worth learning, you’re going to suck. You’re going to suck badly.
任何值得学习的东西，一开始你都会学得很烂、很糟糕。
The first day you play chess: you might love it, you might be talented,you might be confident, but you are a disaster compared to anyone with experience who has studied the game.
第一天下国际象棋:你可能喜欢它，你可能很有天赋，你可能很自信，但与任何有经验研究过象棋的人相比，你的棋艺就是一个灾难。
The same goes for business. For investing. For writing. For acting. Forart. For creativity. For everything worth learning.
经商也是如此，写作也是如此，表演，艺术，创造以及其他一切值得学习的东西都是如此。
And failure is painful.
失败是痛苦的。
(It took Edison 10,000 attempts before he found the right filament to invent a lightbulb)
(爱迪生尝试了一万次才找到合适的灯丝来发明灯泡)
Nobody wants to lose money in poker. Or in investing. Nobody wants to spend months or years writing a book nobody reads.
没有人想在扑克上输钱或投资。没人想花几个月或几年的时间写一本没人读的书。
But if you love something, and you want to get to your peak potential,your heart is going to break when you inevitably fail. And you will fail big and horrible and it will be like your brain and heart are torn in half.
但是如果你喜欢某样东西，并且你想要达到你ZD的潜力，当你不可避免地失败时，你的心就会破碎。你会经历巨大而可怕的失败，就像你的大脑和心灵被撕成两半。
But that’s the good news:
但这是好消息:
Because then you’re uncertified to study the failure. You can go to a PLUS,and your EQUALS, and look at where you went wrong.
因为你没有资格研究失败。你可以用加法和等法，看看哪里出错了。
You can’t learn as much from succeeding because it’s harder top in point where mistakes are (and it means you are not taking enough chances).
你不能从成功中学到很多，因为很难找出错误在哪里(这意味着你没有抓住足够的机会)。
RayDalio, the largest hedge fund manager ever, told me on my podcast,“Pain + Reflection = Progress”.
有史以来ZD的对冲基金经理雷•戴利奥(RayDalio)在我的播客上告诉我，“痛苦+反思=进步”。
Pain is a must.
痛苦是必须的。
With standup comedy, I always say “Yes” to a challenge. Do comedy on a subway car? Yes. Do comedy on a Monday night in a blizzard with theentire audience from Norway? Yes. Go on stage with a 102 fever and my voice completely shot? Yes.
对于单口喜剧，我总是对挑战说“好”。在地铁车厢里做喜剧?是的。周一晚上在暴风雪中和挪威的观众一起看喜剧吗?是的。在102度发烧的情况下上台，我的嗓子完全哑了?是的。
Then videotape. Then go over quarter second by quarter second.
然后用录像带，一节又一节的录。
I was speaking to one of the best comedians in the world a few weeksago. He told me he still videotapes and studies every single timehe’s gone on stage. Every year, every month, he’s better than the month before.
几周前，我和一位世界上zui.好的喜剧演员交谈。他告诉我，每次上台，他都还在录像和学习。每一年，每个月，他都比前一个月好。
With business, it’s difficult because a business can take years. But try to have mini-failures. Challenge yourself on deadlines, challenge yourself on customer acquisition, on customer service, on micro-execution of product, and on and on.
做生意很困难，因为做生意要花好几年的时间。但是试着微失败(精益创业)。在截止日期上挑战自己，在获取客户上挑战自己，在客户服务上挑战自己，在产品的微执行上挑战自己，等等。
Figure out the ways that you can fail, do them, study them, repeat.
找出失败的方法，去做，去研究，去重复。
E) ENERGY
E) 精神状态
This should be the first item. Because it’s the most important.
这应该是第一要素。因为这是最重要的。
Without energy, you can’t learn.
没有体力，你就无法学习。
If you don’t sleep enough, you’ll be too tired and you won’t learn.
如果你睡眠不足，你会太累，无法学习。
If you’re in a bad relationship, your brain will be distracted and you won't learn.
如果你处在一段糟糕的关系中，你的大脑就会被分散，你就无法学习。
If you don’t exercise your creativity, you won’t be able to combine ideas and learn from “idea sex”.
如果你不锻炼你的想象力，就无法结合各种想法，也无法从思想的交汇中得到启示。
If you are too anxious, you will spend too much mental energy worrying about the future instead of learning in the present.
如果你太焦虑，你会花太多的精力担心未来，而不是从此刻开始学习。
When I went broke for the fourth or fifth time I finally had to take a look back and say, “What was I doing right every time I made money?” and “What was I doing wrong”. It all boiled down to:
当我第四次或第五次破产时，我最终不得不回过头来说:“每次我赚钱时，我做得对的是什么?”和“我做错了什么”。这一切可以归结为:
PHYSICAL HEALTH: Eat / Move / Sleep
EMOTIONAL HEALTH: Eliminate ALL of the toxic people in your life.
情绪健康:驱除你生命中所有负能量的人。
CREATIVE HEALTH: Write down ten ideas a day. The ideas can be about anything.
创意健康:每天写下十个创意。这些想法可以是关于任何事情的。
SPIRITUAL HEALTH: Learn how to deal with anxiety and regret. Release control over the things you have no control over.
精神健康:学习如何处理焦虑和遗憾。释放你无法控制的事情。
Just these four things gave me so much energy, it probably took another1000–2000 hours out of the 10,000 hours.
仅仅这四件事就带给了我这么多的能量，这大概又帮助我在10000小时中节省了1000-2000个小时(10-20%)。
F) THE ONE PERCENT RULE:
F) 1%法则:
Try to improve 1% a day at whatever it is you are trying to learn.
无论你想学什么，每天都要努力提高1%。
This seems like a small number. Just one percent!
这看起来虽然只是个小数字。只有百分之一!
But 1% a day, compounded, is 3800% per year.
但是每天1%的复利是每年3800%
That’s 37 times better than where you started in just one year.
这比你刚开始的一年多了37倍。
I had a friend who I always played chess with. He played chess all day every day. But he never read a book on chess or studied with anyone.
我有一个经常和我下棋的朋友。他每天下一整天的棋。但是他从来没有读过关于国际象棋的书，也没有和任何人一起学习过。
He just played the same moves and made the same mistakes game after game. I asked him why he didn’t take the basic steps to improve?
他只是在一场又一场的比赛中做同样的操作，犯同样的错误。我问他为什么不采取基本措施来提高?
All you have to do is take basic steps each day to improve as small as 1%.
你所要做的就是每天采取一些基本的步骤来提高哪怕是1%。
He said, “Ahhh, I just like to play.” Which is fine.
他说:“啊，我就是喜欢玩啊，这就很好了。”
But he never got better. Chess is much more enjoyable (everything is muchmore enjoyable) when you get better and when you learn and can appreciate the subtleties and the nuances.
但他从来没有好起来。当你变得更好的时候，当你学习并能欣赏其中的微妙之处时，国际象棋才会变得更有趣(别的事也一样)。
Everything is an art form. The greatest artists have a vocabulary of 100,000s of patterns in their chosen field.
一切都是艺术形式。最伟大的艺术家在他们选择的领域有10万多种模式。
“Speaking”that vocabulary is pleasurable
“说”那些词汇是令人愉快的
because you can enjoy the art form more，you can succeed more easily, you get acclamation for your success, you make friends with others who are also successful because you speak their language- but it requires every day learning new "words"in your art form.
因为你可以享受艺术形式带来的更多好处,你可以更容易获得成功,为你的成功喝彩,你和其他人交朋友也会成功的,因为你在用他们的方式说话,但它需要每天学习新的“单词”在你的艺术形式里。
Studying how Warren Buffet invests. Or how Bobby Fischer plays the King's Indian. Or how Richard Pryor brought his authentic voice into his comedy. Or how Richard Branson can build and manage 400 businesses.
研究沃伦·巴菲特如何投资。或者鲍比·费舍尔(国际象棋大师)如何施展印度流。或者理查德·普赖尔如何将他真实的声音融入到喜剧中。或者理查德·布兰森(维珍Virgin创始人)如何建立和管理400家企业。
Or challenging yourself to fail a little bit each day to expand your comfort zone.
或者每天挑战自己去尝试一点点失败，来扩大你的舒适区。
One percent a day=3800 percent a year.
每天1%=一年3800%。
G) DO IT
G) 去做
You can't get better at chess just by reading about it. You have to play.Then you have to play in high stress situations (like a tournament)
光靠阅读象棋知识，你是学不好的。你得上手去玩。然后你必须参加一些高水平的比赛(如锦标赛)
You can't get to be the best at business just by reading about Richard Branson. You have to start a business (or work for a startup or even work for a big business and notice their small successes and failures)
仅仅通过阅读理查德•布兰森(Virgin创始人)的故事，你不可能成为商界的佼佼者。你必须开始创业(或者为一家初创公司工作，甚至为一家大公司工作，注意他们的小成功和小失败)
You can't get to be great at comedy by watching videos. You have to go on stage Every day.
你不可能通过看视频变得擅长喜剧。你必须每天去舞台上表演。
Everyday.
每天。
Summary:
总结
1.PLUS, MINUS, EQUAL
加法，减法，等法
2.MICRO-SKILLS
微技巧
3.FAILURE (Pain +Reflection=Progress)
失败(痛苦+反思=进步”)
4.ENERGY (Physical, Emotional, Creative) Spiritual health every day
精神状态(体力、情感、创造力)每天精神健康
5.ONE PERCENT RULE
1%法则
6.DO IT (every day)
去做
7.USE THE ABOVE TO HACK THE 10,000 HOURS RULE (10,000 hours of deliberate practice gets you to your full potential).
利用以上方法来破解10，000小时法则(10，000小时的刻意练习能让你充分发挥自己的潜力)。
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